DisabilityStatistics.org is a free source of disability-related statistics and estimates. You can use DisabilityStatistics.org to shape policy, make decisions, or request funding so that people with disabilities are more fully included in the workplace and community. Researchers and others who want to go beyond the data available here can use our Dataset Directory and Disability Data Source User Guides.

For more about the 2025 relaunch of this website, read DisabilityStatistics.org Offers Visualization and Local Data and Bill Erickson Has a Spreadsheet with 3.2 Million Rows.

DisabilityStatistics.org is published by the Northeast ADA Center, which is one of ten regional ADA Centers in the United States. The goal of the Northeast ADA Center is to educate and empower all ADA stakeholders throughout New York, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands to increase their knowledge of the ADA and to support them to include people with disabilities in local communities and to implement the ADA in their own lives, workplaces, businesses, and communities.

The Northeast ADA Center is housed in the Yang-Tan Institute on Employment and Disability, which is part of the Cornell University ILR School. The Yang-Tan Institute works toward a world where people with disabilities are fully included in the workplace and community by advancing knowledge, policies, and practice that enhance equal opportunities for all people with disabilities.

There is no single, universally accepted definition of disability. In fact, 73 US federal acts or programs that define disability are noted in “Federal Statutory Definitions of Disability,” a report from the Interagency Committee on Disability Research.^[1]

The most frequently applied framework of disability comes from Saad Nagi.^[2] This conceptualization views disability as difficulty performing socially expected activities, such as work for pay, and explicitly recognizes how the environment and pathologies/impairments interact to cause disabilities. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) rests on the Nagi framework and recognizes that improvements in the environment (access to public transportation, workplace accommodations, and so on) can reduce disability and thus improve the inclusion of all people.

In Nagi’s framework, the dynamic nature of the disability process is represented by four stages: pathology, impairment, functional limitation, and disability:

• The first stage, pathology, is the presence of a physical or mental condition, such as tinnitus, that interrupts the physical or mental process of the human body.
• Pathology may lead to the second stage, impairment, which Nagi defined as a physiological, anatomical, or mental loss that limits a person’s capacity to function; for example, tinnitus limits the ability to hear sound, causing a hearing impairment.
• Impairment may lead to the third stage, functional limitation, which Nagi defines as a limitation in the performance or completion of a fundamental activity. For example, a person with a hearing impairment may be limited in holding a telephone conversation.
• In the final stage, a functional limitation may lead to a disability, which is a limitation in performing roles and tasks that are socially expected. For example, a person limited in holding a telephone conversation may be limited in being employed—they may have a work disability or work limitation.

The connections between stages in this process are not inevitable, and they are related to personal characteristics and physical and social environmental factors. These factors can be addressed via access to vocational rehabilitation services, universal design, assistive technology, personal assistance services, and so on. For example, a person with a severe hearing impairment can be accommodated in the workplace with Assistive Listening Devices (ALDs), sign language interpreters, or captioning, such that there is no functional limitation or subsequent work disability.

The World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health is conceptually similar to the Nagi framework. Both approaches recognize that individuals move from the presence of a health condition to a point at which the condition impinges on activities that are socially expected of them, and this movement relates to the environment where they live.

Measuring the disability process with surveys and administrative records is challenging. The six ACS disability questions were revised in 2008 from those initially used in the Decennial Census 2000 (see Disability and Disability Types – Census 2000). Since that time, the six ACS disability questions have been adopted for use by several federal surveys. These include the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), American Housing Survey (AHS), American Time Use Survey (ATUS), and Current Population Survey (CPS) from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

The six ACS disability questions have also been integrated into several health-focused surveys, including the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH), National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), and ATUS.

Note: The wording of the ACS disability questions is slightly altered in some non-ACS surveys. Even seemingly minor wording changes can impact how people respond, as does the context in which the questions are presented.

Many existing data sources are being collected using a variety of disability measures, which can be associated with various stages in the Nagi framework.

Another disability measure relates to work limitation (see What is a CPS Work Limitation Disability?). Although worded differently between surveys, questions about work limitation appear in the Decennial Census 2000, ACS (2000–2007), CPS, NHIS, MEPS, Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), SIPP, and Health and Retirement Survey (HRS).

Questions about other activity limitations appear in all these surveys as well. Questions relating to limitations in fundamental activities and broad questions about impairment appear in the Decennial Census 2000 and HRS, as well as in all surveys using the six ACS disability questions. Questions about select sets of specific health conditions and impairments appear in the SIPP, SIPP SSA Supplement, NHIS, MEPS, BRFSS, and HRS.

More Info: For more disability data sources and information, visit the Rehabilitation Dataset Directory.

References:

[1] Interagency Committee on Disability Research. (2024). Federal Statutory Definitions of Disability.

[2] Nagi, S. Z. (1969). Disability and Rehabilitation. Ohio State University Press.

The annual Disability Status Reports summarize the most recent demographic and economic statistics on the non-institutionalized US population with disabilities at the state and national level. They are aimed at policymakers, disability advocates, and reporters. The reports contain information on population size and disability prevalence for various demographic subpopulations, as well as statistics related to employment, earnings, and household income. Comparisons are made to people without disabilities and across disability types. Disability Status Reports are available for each state, Washington D.C., and Puerto Rico.

The reports focus primarily on the working-age population because the employment gap between people with and without disabilities is a major focus of government programs and advocacy efforts. Further, employment is a key factor in the social integration and economic self-sufficiency of working-age people with disabilities. In the future, we will add health-related statistics.

The estimates in the Disability Status Reports are based on analysis of the US Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS). For additional disability-focused information in the ACS, see A Guide to Disability Statistics from the American Community Survey (2008 Forward).

The annual Disability Status Reports are available for download from this site. On the home page, use the menus to choose a specific state, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, or the entire United States. You can also choose a year dating back to 2008.

Note: There was no ACS data from 2020, so there is no corresponding annual report. See Where are the 2020 ACS estimates?

There are several reasons for differences in reported numbers or percentages of people with disabilities. These include different definitions of disability, changes in the disability questions used over time, different data sources, the time period the estimate is based on, different age groups, and different base populations, such as civilians only, non-institutionalized population, household population, and so on. There can also be differences in how people respond to questions depending on the context they are presented in.

More info:

• Our FAQ, Where can I get more information about disability data sources?
• Our FAQ, What is the definition of disability?
• DisabilityStatistics.org User Guide, Data Sources, ACS Custom 1-Year Estimates
• DisabilityStatistics.org User Guide, Data Sources, ACS Census 5-Year Estimates

The Custom 1-Year Estimates are based on a single year of ACS Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) data, while the Census 5-Year Estimates displayed are based on ACS data compiled across 5 years (i.e., the 5-year 2023 estimates use 2019–2023 data). The single-year ACS PUMS data allows us to develop state and national estimates for the topics and combinations of characteristics most relevant to our users. The Census Bureau’s 5-year estimates provide a much larger sample, allowing more precise estimates for areas with smaller populations (less than 65,000 persons). The limitations of 5-year estimates are for measures that may vary significantly over time, such as employment rates, because we are essentially averaging employment rates over a 5-year period.

Beyond the 1- and 5-year data differences there are other differences. According to the Census Bureau, “custom” estimates based on the ACS Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) file are expected to differ slightly from the Census Bureau’s ACS estimates even for the same year.

Minor discrepancies may be due to one or more of the following reasons:

• Sampling error: The Census Bureau estimates are based on the full ACS sample, but the ACS “custom estimates” provided on DisabilityStatistics.org are based on our analysis of the Census Bureau’s ACS PUMS data files, which undergoes an additional stage of sampling, resulting in a sub-sample of all participating households.
• Census Bureau confidentiality edits to the PUMS data: To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau applies certain techniques to assure that published data do not disclose information about specific individuals, households, or housing units.
• Population “universe” differences: Most Census Bureau table estimates are limited to the civilian population, but DisabilityStatistics.org estimates do not include that limitation.

More info: See Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) Accuracy of the Data (2023) (PDF).

Where are the 2020 ACS estimates?

The Census Bureau did not release its standard ACS 1-year Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) data in 2020 because the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in substantially lower response rates and a non-response bias that could affect the accuracy of estimates. The 2020 ACS 1-year estimates did not meet the Census Bureau’s Statistical Data Quality Standards designed to ensure the utility, objectivity, and integrity of the statistical information.

For more information, see Census Bureau Announces Changes for 2020 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. Below are a few pertinent excerpts from this document:

The COVID-19 pandemic posed numerous challenges to collecting ACS data in 2020, as described in our recent Adapting the American Community Survey Amid COVID-19 blog. As a result, the ACS collected only two-thirds of the responses it usually collects in a survey year and the people who did respond to the survey had significantly different social, economic and housing characteristics from those who did not. This is called “nonresponse bias.”

Specifically, Census Bureau staff found high nonresponse from people with lower income, lower educational attainment, and who were less likely to own their home. Nonresponse bias is a natural part of sample surveys, and often statisticians can adjust for nonresponse bias by giving more weight to responses from underrepresented groups. However, Census Bureau staff found that standard nonresponse adjustments to the ACS 1-year estimates could not fully address the differences in a way that meets Census Bureau quality standards.

Because of the underlying quality concerns, the Census Bureau urges caution in using the experimental estimates as a replacement for standard 2020 ACS 1-year estimates. Users should evaluate the estimates and alternatives to determine if they are suited for their needs. To create these estimates, the Census Bureau will apply an alternative set of weights to the 2020 ACS data to attempt to adjust for some of the nonresponse bias.

The American Community Survey (ACS) definition of employed person includes non-institutionalized persons 16 years old and over who either (1) were “at work,” that is, those who did any work at all during the reference week as paid employees, worked in their own business or profession, worked on their own farm, or worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers on a family farm or in a family business; or (2) were “with a job but not at work,” that is, those who did not work during the reference week but had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent due to illness, bad weather, industrial dispute, vacation, or other personal reasons.

Excluded from the employed are people whose only activity consisted of work around the house or unpaid volunteer work for religious, charitable, and similar organizations.

Source: American Community Survey and Puerto Rico Community Survey 2023 Subject Definitions (PDF)

The American Community Survey (ACS) definition of unemployed person includes non-institutionalized persons ages 16 years old and over if they: (1) were neither “at work” nor “with a job but not at work” during the reference week, and (2) were actively looking for work during the last 4 weeks, and (3) were available to start a job.

Also included as unemployed are civilians who did not work at all during the reference week, were waiting to be called back to a job from which they had been laid off, or were available for work except for temporary illness.

Examples of job seeking activities are:

• Registering at a public or private employment office
• Meeting with prospective employers
• Investigating possibilities for starting a professional practice or opening a business
• Placing or answering advertisements
• Writing letters of application
• Being on a union or professional register

Source: American Community Survey and Puerto Rico Community Survey 2023 Subject Definitions (PDF)

This cautionary tale highlights how survey question wording and design can have a major impact on estimates.

The Decennial Census 2000 Long-Form contained six questions related to type of disability. Unfortunately, there were serious problems with some Census 2000 disability questions that also occurred in the 2000–2002 American Community Survey. The problems came from the question design and wording.

The six disability-related questions asked on the Census 2000 Long-Form were:

16. Does this person have any of the following long-lasting conditions:
a. Blindness, deafness, or a severe vision or hearing impairment?
b. A condition that substantially limits one or more basic physical activities such as walking, climbing stairs, reaching, lifting, or carrying?
17. Because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition lasting 6 months or more, does this person have any difficulty in doing any of the following activities:
a. Learning, remembering, or concentrating?
b. Dressing, bathing, or getting around inside the home?
c. (Answer if this person is 16 YEARS OLD OR OVER.) Going outside the home alone to shop or visit a doctors office?
d. (Answer if this person is 16 YEARS OLD OR OVER.) Working at a job or business?

The Census Bureau used the questions above to define six disability sub-populations: (16a) sensory disability, (16b) physical disability, (17a) mental disability, (17b) self-care disability, (17c) go-outside-home disability, and (17d) employment disability. Persons answering “yes” to at least one of these questions are considered to have a disability.

Preliminary analysis by the Census Bureau^[1] found a difference in the responses to the last two questions (17c and 17d) between people who mailed in the Long-Form and those who were interviewed in person. This difference is likely due to a design problem with the interview form. During an oral interview, questions 17c and 17d were not explicitly connected with the lead statement “because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition does this person have difficulty in doing any of the following activities?” Therefore, some respondents may have reported being able to go outside and able to work at a job or business, as opposed to having difficulty doing so.

As mentioned previously, the 2000–2002 American Community Survey (ACS) used the same disability questions as the Census 2000. The Census Bureau slightly modified the disability questions in the 2003 ACS survey by repeating the lead-in question prior to the go-outside-home and employment disability questions. Analysis of the 2003 ACS data found a decrease in the employment and go-outside-home disability prevalence rates for both enumerated and mail-back survey data.^[2] This result suggested that the problem of respondents misunderstanding or mis-answering those two disability questions was not limited to only the in-person interviews but also affected the Census 2000 and ACS 2000–2002 mail-back survey data. These findings suggested that some respondents completing the survey forgot the lead-in “any difficulty in doing any of the following activities” as they progressed through the four sub-questions.

• The implications of this design problem for the Census 2000 and ACS 2000–2002 survey results are as follows:
  The go-outside-home disability and employment disability population estimates are likely to be higher than they would otherwise have been.
• The overall estimate of the population with disabilities is likely to be higher than it would otherwise have been.
• The overall estimate of the employment rate of people with disabilities is likely to be higher than it would have been without the design problem, because the “population with disabilities” actually includes working people without disabilities.

Note: The Census 2000 problem affected only calculations of general disability and the two questions noted. Sensory, physical, mental, and self-care disability calculations are unaffected. In addition, the design problem does not impact estimates for people under age 16 since these two questions did not apply to those under 16.

References:

[1] Stern, S. (2003). Counting people with disabilities: How survey methodology influences estimates in Census 2000 and the Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (PDF). [Census Bureau Staff Research Report]. U.S. Census Bureau, Poverty and Health Statistics Branch.

[2] Stern, S., & Brault, M. (2005, January 28). Disability data from the American Community Survey: A brief examination of the effects of a question redesign in 2003 (PDF). [Census Bureau Staff Research Report]. U.S. Census Bureau, Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division.

The Census Bureau makes many disability-related tables available on its Explore Census Data webpage.

You can also view and access all the Census Bureau ACS disability-related tables.

There are two basic options, depending on the population in the geography of interest:

• 1-Year Estimate Tables are the most timely and are available for areas with populations over 65,000 people.
• 5-Year Estimate Tables combine 5 years of sample to develop estimates for areas with smaller populations.

The Current Population Survey (CPS) began including the six ACS disability questions in 2008, but a work limitation disability question has been in the CPS Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS-ASEC) since 1981.

Although it had issues (see below), the original CPS work-limitation question is the only annual disability measurement that spans the period before and after the passing of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). This has allowed researchers to study the ADA’s impact on employment.

From 1981–2014, the CPS work limitation disability question was:

“[d]oes anyone in this household have a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do? [If so,] who is that? (Anyone else?)”

In 2015, the wording of this question was changed to explicitly include short-term issues:

“At any time in [year] (did you/did anyone in the household) have a disability or health problem which prevented (you/them) from working, even for a short time, or which limited the work (you/they) could do?”

This change made estimates after 2014 no longer comparable to previous years.

The CPS work-limitation questions were designed as a lead-in to questions regarding sources of disability-related income. A criticism of these questions is that they were not cognitively tested when they were developed, as was the case for most survey questions at that time.^[1] However, research published in 2002^[2] shows that time-trends in the employment of people with disabilities, as measured in the CPS using a definition based on work limitation, are not statistically different from time-trends in the employment of people with disabilities as measured in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) using a definition based on work limitation or one based on impairment to identify the population with disabilities.

More info: For more about this issue and other issues relating to measuring employment outcomes of people with disabilities, see A User’s Guide to Current Statistics on the Employment of People with Disabilities (PDF).

References:

[1] Hale, T. W. (2001). The lack of a disability measure in today’s Current Population Survey. Monthly Labor Review, 124(6), 38.

[2] Burkhauser, R. V., Daly, M. C., Houtenville, A. J., & Nargis, N. (2002). Self-reported work limitation data: What they can and cannot tell us. Demography, 39(3), 541–555.

The estimate of 70 million persons with disabilities is based on the 2024 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a Centers for Disease Control (CDC) survey, as reported in the CDC media statement CDC Data Shows Over 70 Million U.S. Adults Reported Having a Disability. Meanwhile, estimates from the American Community Survey (ACS) suggest there are far fewer people with disabilities. The BRFSS uses the six ACS disability (ACS-6) questions with minor wording differences.

“Even when the disability questions are the same, as is the case with the ACS-6 and the BRFSS, the population estimate can vary considerably because of survey context, mode of administration, and potential sampling bias, particularly with telephone-based surveys.”^[1]

All these elements are different between the ACS and BRFSS surveys. Additionally, the BRFSS focuses almost exclusively on health issues. This focus may “prime” respondents to think about health issues, thereby increasing the likelihood of positive responses to the disability questions. The ACS questionnaire covers a much wider range of topics and does not have a health focus. A Statistics Canada study made a similar finding—disability prevalence was 2–3 times higher in health-focused surveys than in economic-focused surveys, despite using exactly the same set of disability screener questions.^[2]

References:

[1] Mitra, M., Long-Bellil, L., Moura, I., Miles, A., & Kaye, H.S. (2022). Advancing health equity and reducing health disparities for people with disabilities in the United States (PDF). Health Affairs, 41, 1379–1386.

[2] MacKenzie A. & Rietschlin J. (2005). Variation in disability rates in Statistics Canada national surveys: Building policy on a slippery foundation. Statistics Canada.

This website has two resources that provide information about disability data sources:

• Dataset Directory: Browse or search this database to find information on over 100 datasets and a dozen data repositories that include disability-related data. For each dataset, a profile provides information regarding the health conditions and disability measures collected, as well as the sample size and population included, study design, geographic coverage, data collection mode, and strengths and limitations. It also has links to the dataset’s primary website, documentation, selected papers, and reports.
• Disability Data Source User Guides: Read these guides to learn about key disability data sources. Each guide offers a detailed description of the dataset, including the historical background, sampling, strengths, limitations, and unique features. Each guide also has the definitions of disability used and illustrative tabulations generated from the data source.

You can also access these resources from the Dataset Tools menu in this website’s top navigation.